【正答率结算中，本次正答率为70%，积分+200】

岑越崎大喜过望，这是他第一次正答率达到70%，只要保持这个正答率他就可以顺利通过六级考试了。

他合上试卷，指尖因为兴奋微微发颤，打开商城，他意外发现商城竟然升级了。

多了一行可兑换道具。

记忆增强，永久增幅+1，价格：200积分

岑越崎想了想，决定尽早兑换。

记忆力这东西似乎越早提升越吃香，攒着又不能升值。

眼前一闪，系统界面清零，岑越崎只觉脑海中一片澄明，他拿出试题决定检测下效果。

Technology is never a neutral （中立）tool for achieving human ends.

Technological innovations reshape people as they use these innovations to control their environment. Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity.

While the term AI conjures up anxieties about killer robots or catastrophic（灾难级别的） levels of unemployment, there are other, deeper implications（暗示）.

As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human?

Central to the problem is a person's capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications.

Aristotle（亚里士多德） argued that the capacity for making practical judgments depends on regularly making them - on habit and practice.

We see the emergence （出现）of machines as substitute （替代）judges in a variety of everyday contexts as a potential threat to people learning how to effectively exercise judgment themselves.

In the workplace, managers routinely make decisions about who to hire or fire and which loan to approve, to name a few.

These are areas where algorithmic（算法） prescription （指示）is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will.

Recommendation engines, which are increasingly prevalent （流行的）intermediaries （中介机构）in people's consumption of culture, may serve to constrain choice and minimize luck.

By presenting consumers with algorithmically selected choices of what to watch, read, stream and visit next, companies are replacing human taste with machine taste.

In one sense, this is helpful.

After all, machines can survey a wider range of choices than any individual is likely to have the time or energy to do on their own.

At the same time, though, this selection is optimizing （优化）for what people are likely to prefer based on what they've preferred in the past.

We think there is some risk that people's options will be constrained（强迫） by their past in a new and unanticipated way. As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly （完全的）predictable.（可预测的）

The predictions are going to get better and better, and they will ultimately make common experiences more efficient and pleasant.

Algorithms could soon -if they don't already have a better idea about which show you'd like to watch next and which job candidate you should hire than you do.

One day, humans may even find a way for machines to make these decisions without some of the biases that humans typically display.

But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant.

As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us.

1.What do we learn about the deeper implications of AI?

A) It is causing catastrophic levels of unemployment.

B)It is doing physical harm to human operators.

C)It is altering moral （道德）judgments.

D) It is reshaping humanity.

2.What is the consequence of algorithmic prescription replacing human judgment?

A) People lose the chance to cultivate the ability to make practical judgments.

B) People are prevented from participating in making major decisions in the workplace.

C) Managers no longer have the chance to decide which loan to approve.

D) Managers do not need to take the trouble to determine who to hire or fire.

3.What may result from increasing application of recommendation engines in our consumption of culture?

A) Consumers will have much limited choice.

B)Consumers will actually enjoy better luck.

C) It will be easier to decide on what to enjoy.

D) Humans will develop tastes similar to machines'.

4.What is likely to happen to larger parts of our daily life as machine learning algorithms improve? A) They will turn out to be more pleasant.

B)They will repeat our past experience.

C)They can be completely anticipated.

D) They may become better and better.

5.Why does the author say the creatures living in the more and more AI-mediated world will become increasingly unlike us?

A) They will have lost the most significant human element of being intelligent.

B)They will no longer possess the human characteristic of being unpredictable.

C) They will not be able to understand themselves as we can do today.

D) They will be deprived of what their predecessors were proud of about themselves.

Key: D-A-A-C-B

How on earth（究竟） did we come to this?

We protect our children obsessively（过分的） from every harm; we scrutinize（仔细检查） every carer, teacher or doctor with whom they come into contact.

Yet despite all this, one group, which in no way has their best interests at heart, has almost unconstrained（不受约束的） access. We seem to take it for granted that advertisers and marketers are allowed to condition even the youngest childre-.

Before children have even developed a proper sense of their own identity, or learned to handle money, they're encouraged to associate status and self-worth with stuff, and to look to external things such as fame and wealth for validation.（确认）

We're turning out little consumers rather than young citizens who will value themselves for what they contribute to the society in which they live.

We've reached this point so gradually that many of us have never questioned it.

It's crept up on us in the 60 years since advertisers started to target the young and found that they could recruit them to a commercial assault on their parents.

We've come to know it as "pester （纠缠）power" or the ability of children to pressure parents to make certain purchases. Many psychologists, child development experts and educators point to research suggesting that this emerging cradle-to-grave （从摇篮到坟墓）consumerism is contributing to growing rates of low self-esteem, depression and other forms of mental illness.

Not all psychologists agree.

There're plenty working hand in glove with a ?12bn-a-year industry that has turned the manipulation（操纵） of □□ emotions and desires into an art form - often literally.

It's also one that's forever developing new ways to persuade our children to desire material possessions, and because of advertisements' viral effect they only need to infect a few to reach the many.

Advertising and marketing can serve a useful purpose for children.

Marketing may help socialize children as consumers, inform them about products, and help them carve out unique identities as they reach adulthood.

Then, should we ban all advertising aimed at young children?

I say yes.

Of course there'll be plenty of objections （反对）to an outright （全部的）ban on advertising to the under-11s.

There'll be those who argue that would be a breach of freedom of speech and infringe （侵犯）the rights of corporations（公司） to brainwash （洗脑）little children into demanding their products.

Most parents hate what advertising does to their children, but we do have the power to end it and let our children grow up free from many of the pressures of consumerism until they're old enough to make their own decisions. And though advertising is only part of an all-pervasive（无孔不入的） marketing culture we need to make a start somewhere. Let's ban all advertising targeting children of primary school age and younger now.

1.Which group of people does the author say has almost unrestricted access to children?

A) Advertisers.

B) Carers.

C) Teachers.

D) Doctors.

2.What kind of people should we enable children to become according to the author?

A)Those who look to fame and wealth for external and ultimate validation

B)Those who value themselves because of their contribution to society.

C)Those who associate self-worth with the ability to handle money.

D) Those who have developed a proper sense of their own identity.

3.Many child development experts and educators call attention to research that suggests:

A) life-long consumerism is causing more and more cases of psychological problems.

B) increasing commercialization of education is eroding many children's self-esteem.

C) the growing desire for wealth is contributing to a rising rate of depression.

D) the craving for purchasing material things is nurtured throughout one's life.

4.What does the author imply about the impact of advertising?

A)It is actually infectious to many rather than a few.

B)It is rooted in our desire for material possessions.

C)It is comparable to that of virus.

D) It is literally limited to children.

5.What is the opponents' argument against a complete ban on advertising to young children?

A) It would deprive（剥夺） them of the chance to learn about products.

B)It would render（致使） them unable to carve out unique identities.

C)It would breach （违背）their freedom as would-be consumers.

D) It would violate the rights endowed （赋予）upon advertisers.

Key: A-B-A-A-D

If you're someone who has turned to snacking （吃零食）on junk food more in the pandemic, you're not alone.

Investigative reporter Michael Moss says processed food is engineered （设计）to hook（吸引） you, not unlike alcohol, cigarettes, or other harmful substances.

His 2013 book, Salt Sugar Fat, explored food companies' aggressive marketing of those products and their impact on our health.

In his new book, Hooked, Moss updates the food giants' efforts to keep us eating what they serve, and how they're responding to complaints from consumers and health advocates.

Processed food is inexpensive, it's legal, and it's everywhere.

Companies' advertising is cueing （提示）us to remember those products and we want those products constantly.

So the food environment is one of those key things that makes food even more problematic for so many people. Memory, nostalgia（念旧） in particular, plays a big role in the foods we crave.

Soda companies discovered that if they put a soda in the hands of a child when they're at a ball game with their parents, that soda will forever be associated with that joyous moment.

Later in life, when that child wants to experience a joyous moment, they're going to think of soda. Many people seek comfort in the snacks they remember from childhood.

Moss examines （研究）the way companies capitalize（利用） on our memories, cravings and brain chemistry to keep us snacking. One of the reasons I came to think that some of these food products are even more powerful, more troublesome than drugs can be is memory.

What we eat is all about memory.

And we begin forming memories for food at a really early age. And we keep those memories for a lifetime.

Knowing this, the food industry spends lots of time trying to shape the memories that we have for their products.

One of the features of addiction that scientists studying drug addiction discovered back in the 1990s was that the faster a substance hits the brain, the more apt we are as a result to act impulsively(冲动的）. There's nothing faster than food in its ability to hit the brain.

For Moss, this puts the notion of "fast food" in an entirely new light as this isn't limited to fast food chains almost90% of food products in grocery stores are processed foods.

Everything in the industry is about speed, from manufacturing to packaging.

Overall, Moss outlines the industry's dependence on making their products inexpensive, super delicious, and incredibly（非常的） convenient for consumers.

Now that more and more people care about what they put in their bodies and are wanting to eat healthier, these companies are finding it really difficult to meet that new demand because of their own addiction（沉迷于） to making these convenience foods.

1.In what way does Michael Moss think processed food is comparable to alcohol and cigarettes?

A)They are all addictive.

B)They are all necessary evils.

C)They are all engineered to be enjoyed.

D) They are all in increasingly great demand.

2.What does the author say plays a key role in the foods we crave?

A)The food environment.

B) Aggressive marketing.

C) Convenience.

D) Memory.

3.What do food companies do to capitalize on consumers' association with their food products?

A) They strive to influence how consumers remember their products.

B)They attempt to use consumers' long-term memories to promote addiction.

C) They try to exploit（利用) consumers' memories for their products as early as possible.

D) They endeavor to find what consumers remember about their products.

4.How does the food industry operate from manufacturing to packaging, according to Moss?

A)Placing the idea of fast food in an entirely new light.

B)Setting no limit to the number of fast food chains.

C)Focusing on how quickly the work is done.

D) Prioritizing（优先） the quality of their products.

5.Why are companies finding it difficult to satisfy consumers' demand for healthier food products?

A)They think speed of production outweighs consumers' health.

B)They believe their industry would perish （消亡）without fast foods.

C) They have to strike a balance between taste and nutrition.

D) They are hooked on（沉迷于） manufacturing convenience foods.

Key: A-D-A-C-D

Phonics,（声学） which involves sounding out words syllable by syllable（音节）, is the best way to teach children to read.

But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word.

So much so that some teachers have had to sneak （偷偷的做）phonics teaching materials into the classroom.

Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong. The consequences of this are striking.

Less than half of all American adults were proficient（精通） readers in 2017.

American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.

America is stuck in a（陷入） debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades.

Some advocate teaching symbol-sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch), known as phonics.

Others support an immersive（沉浸式） approach (using pictures of a cat to learn the word cat), known as "whole language". Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by the EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix called "balanced literacy."

This combination of methods is ineffective.

"You can't sprinkle in a little phonics," says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reading at Mississippi's education department.

"It has to be systematic（系统） and explicitly（明确的） taught."

Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here.

In a state once notorious（声名狼藉的） for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature （立法机关 ）passed new literacy standards in 2013.

Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains.

Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 29th on the National Assessment of Educational Prog- ress, a nationwide exam.

In 2019 it was the only state to improve its scores.

For the first time since measurement began, Mississippi's pupils（学生 ） are now average readers, a remarkable achievement in such a poor state.

Mississippi's success is attributed to implementing reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading.

In 1997 Congress requested the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Department of Education to convene（召集） a National Reading Panel（小组） to end the "reading wars" and synthesize （合成）the evidence.

The panel found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best.

Yet over two decades on, "balanced literacy" is still being taught in classrooms.

But advances in statistics（统计学） and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method.

To the teacher who is a proficient reader, literacy seems like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate（刻意） process emphasized by phonics.

Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.

1.What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?

A)It is ill reputed.

B)It is mostly misapplied（误用的）.

C)It is arbitrarily（武断的） excluded.

D) It is misrepresented.（歪曲的）

2.What has America been witnessing for decades?

A) An obsession （痴迷）with innovating teaching methodologies of reading.

B)An enduring debate over the approach to teaching children to read.

C)An increasing concern with many children's inadequacy in literacy.

D) An ever-forceful（一直） advocacy（拥护） of a combined method for teaching reading.

3.Why does Tenette Smith think a combination of teaching methods is ineffective?

A) Elementary school children （小学生）will be frustrated when taught with several methods combined.

B) Phonics has to be systematically applied and clearly taught to achieve the desired effect.

C) Sprinkling in a little phonics deters（打消） the progress of even adequately motivated children.

D) Balanced literacy fails to sustain children's interest in developing a good reading habit.

4.What does the author say Mississippi's success is attributed to?

A) Convening a National Reading Panel to synthesize（综合） research evidence.

B)Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.

C) Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.

D)Obtaining support from Congress to upgrade teaching methods.

5.What have advances in statistics and brain imaging proved ineffective?

A)The teaching of symbol-sound relationships.

B) Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness.

C) Efforts to end the reading wars.

D)The immersive approach.

Key: A-B-B-C-D

Many oppose workplace surveillance（监督）, because of the inherent （固有的）dehumanizing （非人性的）effect it has and the relentless pressure it brings.

But it's on the rise around the world as firms look to become more efficient by squeezing（压榨） more productivity from their workers.

More than half of com

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